Available on Github: mcmahonmc

Hippocampal long axis differentiation

  • The hippocampus shows a long axis anterior-posterior differentiation of function
  • Poppenk et al. (2013) suggested that the type of processing in the hippocampus varied from fine to coarse grained in a posterior to anterior direction, based on evidence that receptive fields vary from narrow at the posterior end of the hippocampus to broad at the anterior end (Kjelstrup et al., 2008; Maurer, Vanrhoads, Sutherland, Lipa, & McNaughton, 2005).
  • Anterior = pattern completion, posterior = pattern separation

Grady et al., 2020

Grady et al., 2020

  • The anterior and posterior portions may undergo different developmental trajectories across the lifespan, and may give rise to some of the cognitive changes that commonly accompany the aging process (i.e., episodic memory)

Langnes et al., 2020

Sleep and the hippocampus

  • Hippocampus involved in sleep architecture (theta in REM, sharp wave ripples in NREM, coupling with slow wave)
  • Chronic sleep disruption and circadian rhythmicity affect hippocampal neurogenesis in animals (Raven et al., 2018; Kreutzmann et al., 2015)
  • In older adults, more robust rest-activity rhythms were associated with greater anterior hippocampal volume (Sherman et al., 2015)
  • Sleep disturbance in older adults predicts increasingly worse scores on standardized neuropsychological tests, including memory subcomponents that depend upon the hippocampus (HVLT)

Dedifferentiation with aging

  • There is a reduction in the specificity of neural representations which may be responsible for cognitive decline as people age

Research Question

Are sleep-wake patterns associated with volumetric differences along the hippocampal long axis that underlie episodic memory?

Methods

  • Healthy younger (n = 43, age = 21.5, ±3.86) and older (n = 55, age = 68.2, ±5.63) adults
  • Actigraphy
  • fMRI scanning
  • Episodic memory measures: associative memory task, CVLT (older adults only)
  • Working memory/novelty measure: repeat task

Actigraphy

  • Selected mean sleep duration, acrophase, amplitude, and interdaily stability as measures of interest

Memory assessment

  • Planned to use CVLT, but did not have data available from younger adults :(

Associative memory task

  • Had associative memory task data, but really only have a good measure of intial encoding and short-term recall (no long-term recall measure)
  • This is problematic because really wanted long-term recall measure (Langnes et al. 2020)

Repeat task

  • 1-back working memory task
  • Novelty vs. familiarity

Participants

Young Adults Older Adults
n 43 55
Group = Older Adults (%) 0 ( 0.0) 55 (100.0)
age (mean (SD)) 21.51 (3.86) 68.20 (5.63)
sex = Male (%) 17 (39.5) 12 ( 21.8)
years_educ (mean (SD)) 14.62 (2.38) 16.88 (2.94)
global_psqi (mean (SD)) 4.21 (1.79) 4.40 (2.15)
cesd_score (mean (SD)) 7.00 (4.08) 2.00 (NA)
gds_total (mean (SD)) 0.00 (0.00) 1.20 (2.30)
sleep_time_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) 398.57 (97.86) 404.55 (85.83)
efficiency_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) 81.43 (6.92) 80.62 (9.04)
total_ac_mean_active (mean (SD)) 326940.99 (189192.81) 251197.38 (89924.99)
actamp (mean (SD)) 1.61 (0.29) 1.58 (0.34)
IS (mean (SD)) 0.42 (0.11) 0.54 (0.12)
actphi (mean (SD)) 16.38 (1.45) 14.73 (1.65)

Parcellation

  • Used brainlife.io to obtain hippocampal volume measures
  • Uploaded BIDS dataset

  • Checked orientation of all T1 images
  • Ran ACPC alignment

Original T1:

ACPC aligned:

  • Used ‘HBT’ divisions (Iglesias et al., 2015)
  • This parcellation was based on both ex vivo and in vivo data

Manual labelling

Eight coronal slices from Case 14 and corresponding manual annotations

In vivo dataset and comparison with ex vivo images

Freesurfer HBT

Results

Aging and hippocampal volume

ICV normalized

We wanted to look at hippocampal volume independently of total intracranial volume, so we calculated HC volume as follows: adjusted HC volume = raw HC volume – b X (ICV – average ICV), where b is the slope of regression of the raw HC volume on ICV (Brehmer et al., 2020).

Memory Performance

Young Adults Older Adults
n 41 45
Group = Older Adults (%) 0 (0.0) 45 (100.0)
cvlt_sdelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.78 (0.97)
cvlt_ldelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.62 (0.97)
cvlt_recognition_hits_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) -0.02 (0.91)
cvlt_recognition_fp_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) -0.26 (0.82)
cvlt_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.36 (0.72)
acc_mean.learning (mean (SD)) 0.89 (0.15) 0.83 (0.15)
rt_c_mean.learning (mean (SD)) 1721.46 (404.47) 2505.97 (1414.27)
acc_mean.test (mean (SD)) 0.90 (0.11) 0.85 (0.10)
rt_c_mean.test (mean (SD)) 2459.76 (211.57) 2760.01 (209.07)
memrepeat_accuracy (mean (SD)) 0.93 (0.14) 0.98 (0.04)
memrepeat_rt (mean (SD)) 551.91 (81.60) 593.24 (86.98)
dmem %>%
  select(record_id, acc_mean.learning, acc_mean.test) %>%
  filter((acc_mean.learning < 0.33)|(acc_mean.test < 0.50))
##   record_id acc_mean.learning acc_mean.test
## 1     40550              0.25     0.6666667
dmem <- dmem %>%
  filter(acc_mean.learning > 0.33)

Hippocampal volume and CVLT performance within older adults

  • Only had CVLT data for older adults
  • Did not see relationship between hippocampal volume and CVLT memory

Sleep and CVLT performance

Hippocampal volume and associative memory task performance

  • Using the associative memory task allowed us to include the young adult comparison group.
  • There was a significant Group by hippocampal head volume effect on associative memory accuracy during the test phase

Sleep and memory performance

  • Significant age group x acrophase interaction effect on test phase accuracy
  • Later acrophase was associated with shorter response times on correct trials when controlling for the effect of age group
## Saving 7 x 5 in image

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

Hippocampal volume and sleep

  • Nada!

Discussion

  • Did not identify evidence of a long-axis encoding/retrieval differentiation using either of our episodic memory tasks
  • Among older adults, greater hippocampal head volume was associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test.
  • Acrophase was also associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test, consistent with (Ming Yi Lee et al., 2021) which recently found that older adults with delayed acrophase were less likely to have better cognition
  • But, acrophase was not associated with hippocampal head volume
  • No other selected sleep measures (mean sleep duration, rhythm amplitude, interdaily stability, acrophase) were associated with hippocampal volume at conventional statistical thresholds.
  • Did not see any relationship with CVLT performance in contrast to prior literature.

Limitations

  • Lack of CVLT-II data for young adult group prevented examination of different components of memory across adult development
  • Hoped to partially overcome this limitation by evaluating relationships between hippocampal volume and aspects of performance on an associative memory task. This task provided behavioral measures much narrower in scope compared to the CVLT-II, with instead only measures of initial encoding and short-term recall.
  • Participants across both age groups performed well on this task, making it difficult to tease out functional variability.
  • Healthy group not representative of ‘normal’ aging
  • Cross-sectional nature of the study may have prevented us from picking up on the key features of sleep that are important markers of cognitive health. Maybe the trajectories of these sleep patterns rather than their raw values are more revealing about the expected status of an individual’s cognitive performance and underlying brain health.

All analyses below

Hippocampal volume and associative memory

  • Excluded participants below chance accuracy

Sleep

Sleep and hippocampal volume

dmem %>%
  rename(`Head` = Hippocampal_head) %>%
  rename(`Tail` = Hippocampal_tail) %>%
  rename(`Total` = Hippocampus) %>%
  rename(`Sleep duration` = sleep_time_mean_sleep) %>%
  rename(`Acrophase` = actphi) %>%
  melt(id.vars = c('record_id', 'Group', 'IS', 'Sleep duration', 'Acrophase'), measure.vars = c('Head', 'Tail', 'Total'), variable.name = 'Hippocampal region', value.name = 'Hippocampal subregion volume') %>%
  melt(id.vars = c('record_id', 'Group', 'Hippocampal region', 'Hippocampal subregion volume'), measure.vars = c('IS', 'Sleep duration', 'Acrophase'), variable.name = 'Rest-Activity measure', value.name = 'value') %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = `Hippocampal subregion volume`, y = value, group = Group, color = Group)) +
  geom_point() + 
  stat_smooth(method = 'lm', formula = 'y ~ x') +
  facet_grid(`Rest-Activity measure` ~ `Hippocampal region`, scales = 'free') + 
  scale_color_brewer(palette = 'Set1') + theme_minimal() + 
  theme(legend.position='none') +
  theme_minimal()
## Warning: Removed 42 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).
## Warning: Removed 42 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

Sleep and cognition

Stats

dmem2 <- dmem %>%
  filter(acc_mean.test > 0.50) %>%
  filter(acc_mean.learning > 0.33)

## learning

summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.51702 -0.03853  0.03857  0.08167  0.16426 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.2152435  0.2708085   4.487 2.42e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -0.0000904  0.0000764  -1.183    0.240    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -0.5045473  0.3721219  -1.356    0.179    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  0.0001328  0.0001114   1.192    0.237    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1361 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05633,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0205 
## F-statistic: 1.572 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.2027
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.54845 -0.03520  0.03212  0.08114  0.15628 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.945e-01  1.981e-01   5.020 3.07e-06 ***
## Hippocampal_head  -2.792e-05  5.573e-05  -0.501   0.6178    
## GroupOlder Adults -6.317e-02  3.717e-02  -1.700   0.0931 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1365 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03936,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01534 
## F-statistic: 1.639 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.2006
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1397.9  -402.1   -68.0   328.6  3846.1 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                        1448.7832  1377.8769   1.051    0.296
## Hippocampal_head                      0.0764     0.3887   0.197    0.845
## GroupOlder Adults                   163.8161  1893.3611   0.087    0.931
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults    0.1705     0.5666   0.301    0.764
## 
## Residual standard error: 692.6 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1998, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1694 
## F-statistic: 6.576 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0005026
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1413.1  -399.9   -61.3   333.8  3873.0 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1165.2623   999.6003   1.166 0.247188    
## Hippocampal_head     0.1566     0.2812   0.557 0.579083    
## GroupOlder Adults  730.6844   187.5350   3.896 0.000202 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 688.7 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1989, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1789 
## F-statistic: 9.931 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001404
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56039 -0.03679  0.04026  0.07739  0.16005 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         8.705e-01  2.276e-01   3.824 0.000261 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                    2.111e-05  1.887e-04   0.112 0.911186    
## GroupOlder Adults                   1.508e-02  3.113e-01   0.048 0.961469    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults -6.037e-05  2.735e-04  -0.221 0.825849    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1375 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03698,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0004086 
## F-statistic: 1.011 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.3923
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56326 -0.03611  0.04426  0.07735  0.15705 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.050e-01  1.645e-01   5.503 4.37e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail  -7.627e-06  1.358e-04  -0.056    0.955    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.318e-02  3.510e-02  -1.515    0.134    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1367 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03638,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01229 
## F-statistic:  1.51 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.2271
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1482.3  -375.4   -88.0   293.2  3992.5 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                        1247.0697  1143.3366   1.091    0.279
## Hippocampal_tail                      0.3927     0.9476   0.414    0.680
## GroupOlder Adults                  2011.7725  1563.2594   1.287    0.202
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults   -1.2090     1.3734  -0.880    0.381
## 
## Residual standard error: 690.7 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2043, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1741 
## F-statistic: 6.762 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0004063
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1449.2  -387.2   -66.4   341.6  3936.1 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1938.3750   829.8197   2.336 0.022001 *  
## Hippocampal_tail    -0.1829     0.6849  -0.267 0.790148    
## GroupOlder Adults  644.4832   177.0766   3.640 0.000482 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 689.7 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1965, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1764 
## F-statistic: 9.783 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001582
## test

summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.22033 -0.07305  0.01466  0.07447  0.15075 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.140e+00  1.864e-01   6.118 3.43e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -6.633e-05  5.259e-05  -1.261   0.2109    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -5.687e-01  2.561e-01  -2.220   0.0293 *  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  1.559e-04  7.665e-05   2.033   0.0454 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.0937 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1207, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08733 
## F-statistic: 3.615 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.01673
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24124 -0.06125  0.01043  0.06831  0.14756 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        8.811e-01  1.386e-01   6.355 1.19e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head   7.022e-06  3.900e-05   0.180   0.8576    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.042e-02  2.601e-02  -1.939   0.0561 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09552 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0747, Adjusted R-squared:  0.05157 
## F-statistic: 3.229 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0448
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -403.79 -137.09    1.26  120.88  490.41 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                        2274.4124   390.8771   5.819 1.21e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_head                      0.0477     0.1103   0.433    0.667    
## GroupOlder Adults                   440.0520   537.1101   0.819    0.415    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults   -0.0359     0.1607  -0.223    0.824    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 196.5 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3937, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3707 
## F-statistic:  17.1 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 1.193e-08
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -403.4 -137.3   -0.5  118.0  484.7 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       2.334e+03  2.835e+02   8.233 2.82e-12 ***
## Hippocampal_head  3.081e-02  7.976e-02   0.386      0.7    
## GroupOlder Adults 3.207e+02  5.319e+01   6.030 4.82e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 195.3 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3933, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3781 
## F-statistic: 25.93 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 2.083e-09
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23810 -0.05927  0.01741  0.06766  0.16903 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         8.732e-01  1.575e-01   5.543  3.8e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                    2.722e-05  1.306e-04   0.208    0.835    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -2.042e-01  2.154e-01  -0.948    0.346    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults  1.449e-04  1.892e-04   0.766    0.446    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09517 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.09295,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05851 
## F-statistic: 2.699 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.05135
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23522 -0.05712  0.01357  0.07171  0.15944 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        7.904e-01  1.142e-01   6.921 1.01e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_tail   9.620e-05  9.426e-05   1.021    0.311    
## GroupOlder Adults -4.032e-02  2.437e-02  -1.654    0.102    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09492 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08622,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.06338 
## F-statistic: 3.774 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.02714
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -412.51 -130.49   -3.03  114.02  514.58 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                        1892.9102   318.2656   5.948 7.04e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                      0.4580     0.2638   1.736   0.0864 .  
## GroupOlder Adults                  1105.8602   435.1577   2.541   0.0130 *  
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults   -0.6897     0.3823  -1.804   0.0750 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.3 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4195, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3974 
## F-statistic: 19.03 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 2.209e-09
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -404.39 -136.91  -18.74  111.65  482.39 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       2287.2624   234.5556   9.751 2.95e-15 ***
## Hippocampal_tail     0.1296     0.1936   0.670    0.505    
## GroupOlder Adults  325.8958    50.0522   6.511 6.07e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 195 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3956, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3805 
## F-statistic: 26.18 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 1.794e-09
## trial type

summary(lm(accuracy.mismatch ~  Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.mismatch ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.39152 -0.09867  0.03442  0.10726  0.18071 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.254e+00  2.657e-01   4.720 1.01e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -1.036e-04  7.497e-05  -1.382   0.1708    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -8.378e-01  3.652e-01  -2.294   0.0244 *  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  2.379e-04  1.093e-04   2.177   0.0325 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1336 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08873,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05412 
## F-statistic: 2.564 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.06056
summary(lm(accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25673 -0.08746  0.02197  0.07644  0.13553 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.100e-01  1.464e-01   6.217 2.16e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head   3.924e-06  4.118e-05   0.095   0.9243    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.574e-02  2.746e-02  -2.030   0.0457 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1008 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07725,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05418 
## F-statistic: 3.348 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.04013
summary(lm(accuracy.mismatch ~  Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.mismatch ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.42223 -0.08495  0.04056  0.10810  0.18917 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.6311752  0.1618813   3.899   0.0002 ***
## Hippocampal_tail   0.0002139  0.0001336   1.601   0.1133    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.0216149  0.0345441  -0.626   0.5333    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1346 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06381,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0404 
## F-statistic: 2.726 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.07156
summary(lm(accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25673 -0.08746  0.02197  0.07644  0.13553 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.100e-01  1.464e-01   6.217 2.16e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head   3.924e-06  4.118e-05   0.095   0.9243    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.574e-02  2.746e-02  -2.030   0.0457 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1008 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07725,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05418 
## F-statistic: 3.348 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.04013
## recognition

summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.38135 -0.00187  0.02024  0.03867  0.06276 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         9.803e-01  1.529e-01   6.410 9.78e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -1.080e-05  4.315e-05  -0.250    0.803    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -2.606e-02  2.101e-01  -0.124    0.902    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  1.873e-05  6.289e-05   0.298    0.767    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07688 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05826,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0225 
## F-statistic: 1.629 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1893
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37999 -0.00247  0.02062  0.03729  0.05872 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.492e-01  1.109e-01   8.556 6.57e-13 ***
## Hippocampal_head  -1.984e-06  3.121e-05  -0.064   0.9495    
## GroupOlder Adults  3.620e-02  2.081e-02   1.739   0.0859 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07644 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05721,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03364 
## F-statistic: 2.427 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.09477
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37968 -0.00258  0.02044  0.03697  0.05785 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                        9.420e-01  1.273e-01   7.398 1.28e-10 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                   1.343e-07  1.055e-04   0.001    0.999    
## GroupOlder Adults                  2.908e-02  1.741e-01   0.167    0.868    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults 7.418e-06  1.529e-04   0.049    0.961    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07692 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05721,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02141 
## F-statistic: 1.598 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1965
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37954 -0.00249  0.02064  0.03662  0.05873 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       9.378e-01  9.197e-02  10.197 3.99e-16 ***
## Hippocampal_tail  3.666e-06  7.591e-05   0.048   0.9616    
## GroupOlder Adults 3.747e-02  1.962e-02   1.909   0.0598 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07644 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05719,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03362 
## F-statistic: 2.426 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.09485
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -174.77  -46.86   -9.92   37.56  204.06 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                        406.66232  158.66272   2.563   0.0123 *
## Hippocampal_head                     0.03971    0.04476   0.887   0.3777  
## GroupOlder Adults                  165.94691  218.02079   0.761   0.4488  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  -0.03494    0.06525  -0.535   0.5938  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.76 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07247,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03725 
## F-statistic: 2.057 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1126
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -173.481  -47.001   -8.099   37.540  210.534 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       464.75889  115.24677   4.033 0.000125 ***
## Hippocampal_head    0.02327    0.03242   0.718 0.475092    
## GroupOlder Adults  49.78934   21.62144   2.303 0.023890 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.4 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0691, Adjusted R-squared:  0.04583 
## F-statistic: 2.969 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.05703
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -163.382  -47.913   -7.499   36.252  194.444 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                        362.4595   130.8964   2.769    0.007 **
## Hippocampal_tail                     0.1536     0.1085   1.416    0.161   
## GroupOlder Adults                  276.1199   178.9718   1.543    0.127   
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults  -0.2014     0.1572  -1.281    0.204   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.07 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08829,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05366 
## F-statistic:  2.55 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.06161
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -168.546  -44.144   -3.634   40.677  213.288 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       477.62229   95.51716   5.000 3.31e-06 ***
## Hippocampal_tail    0.05774    0.07884   0.732   0.4661    
## GroupOlder Adults  48.34665   20.38257   2.372   0.0201 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.39 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06935,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04608 
## F-statistic: 2.981 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.05642
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -743.2 -133.5   19.1  156.5  529.5 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           3571.95285  162.05126  22.042  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep   -0.09991    0.40448  -0.247    0.806    
## GroupOlder Adults     -392.33644   60.53825  -6.481 6.92e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 273.7 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3497, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3335 
## F-statistic: 21.51 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 3.343e-08
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -351.51  -62.85   10.22   71.41  269.24 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1147.8174    66.3719  17.294  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.1378     0.1657   0.832    0.408    
## GroupOlder Adults     -136.2207    24.7949  -5.494 4.53e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 112.1 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2742, Adjusted R-squared:  0.256 
## F-statistic: 15.11 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 2.712e-06
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -325.59  -47.48   -5.30   67.68  284.42 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)              1242.954    199.939   6.217 2.42e-08 ***
## actphi                     -2.979     12.203  -0.244    0.808    
## GroupOlder Adults        -505.907    268.171  -1.887    0.063 .  
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults   25.736     17.301   1.488    0.141    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 110.3 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2823, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2543 
## F-statistic:  10.1 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 1.102e-05
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -743.23 -146.22    2.71  160.64  525.51 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       3566.878    356.894   9.994 1.29e-15 ***
## actphi              -2.356     21.697  -0.109    0.914    
## GroupOlder Adults -393.396     73.086  -5.383 7.49e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 276.8 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3383, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3214 
## F-statistic: 19.94 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 1.01e-07
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -335.21  -53.39    5.72   69.25  275.61 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1034.019    143.395   7.211 3.12e-10 ***
## actphi               9.825      8.717   1.127 0.263183    
## GroupOlder Adults -109.357     29.365  -3.724 0.000369 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 111.2 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2617, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2427 
## F-statistic: 13.82 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 7.273e-06
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -721.11 -130.57    4.89  156.55  482.43 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3401.75     123.79  27.480  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                  338.56     272.58   1.242    0.218    
## GroupOlder Adults  -454.50      70.58  -6.440 1.23e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 272.9 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3852, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3678 
## F-statistic: 22.24 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 3.171e-08
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -281.292  -64.430   -0.735   89.946  234.194 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        1097.30      51.72  21.218  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                  234.23     113.88   2.057   0.0434 *  
## GroupOlder Adults  -154.58      29.48  -5.243 1.56e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 114 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2795, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2592 
## F-statistic: 13.77 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 8.812e-06
summary(lm(sleep_time_mean_sleep ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = sleep_time_mean_sleep ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -251.401  -45.806    0.445   44.877  198.471 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 453.7557   145.9511   3.109  0.00307 **
## age          -0.7221     2.1345  -0.338  0.73654   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 86.57 on 51 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.002239,   Adjusted R-squared:  -0.01733 
## F-statistic: 0.1144 on 1 and 51 DF,  p-value: 0.7365
summary(lm(actphi ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = actphi ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.1464 -0.9196  0.0024  0.6498  5.0248 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 21.23810    2.66261   7.976 1.58e-10 ***
## age         -0.09543    0.03894  -2.451   0.0177 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.579 on 51 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1054, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08782 
## F-statistic: 6.006 on 1 and 51 DF,  p-value: 0.01772
summary(lm(IS ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = IS ~ age, data = filter(d, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.27277 -0.08882  0.01933  0.07381  0.24460 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)  0.629647   0.219392   2.870  0.00613 **
## age         -0.001316   0.003189  -0.413  0.68166   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1241 on 47 degrees of freedom
##   (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.003612,   Adjusted R-squared:  -0.01759 
## F-statistic: 0.1704 on 1 and 47 DF,  p-value: 0.6817
## cvlt
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.5101 -0.8920  0.1360  0.9865  2.3519 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)            9.063280   3.062374   2.960  0.00522 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.004280   0.002539   1.686  0.09977 . 
## age                   -0.065127   0.042185  -1.544  0.13070   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.424 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1202, Adjusted R-squared:  0.07508 
## F-statistic: 2.664 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.08232
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, 
##     data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -6.5885 -2.0738  0.6206  2.0535  4.9187 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)           15.317344   6.596402   2.322   0.0255 *
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.010609   0.005468   1.940   0.0596 .
## age                   -0.122791   0.090867  -1.351   0.1844  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.068 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1274, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08263 
## F-statistic: 2.846 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.07016
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, 
##     data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -8.579 -1.790  0.284  1.715  4.791 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)           16.931479   6.304269   2.686   0.0106 *
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.006731   0.005226   1.288   0.2053  
## age                   -0.119978   0.086843  -1.382   0.1750  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.932 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08531,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0384 
## F-statistic: 1.819 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1757
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + 
##     age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.8819 -0.6732  0.0730  0.9228  1.6795 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           18.1576551  2.7641206   6.569 8.41e-08 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0006813  0.0022914   0.297    0.768    
## age                   -0.0531396  0.0380763  -1.396    0.171    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.285 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:   0.05,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.001287 
## F-statistic: 1.026 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.3678
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.0259 -1.3180  0.2339  1.1265  2.4217 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 11.29760    3.47152   3.254  0.00252 **
## IS          -1.21490    1.96976  -0.617  0.54137   
## age         -0.06355    0.04721  -1.346  0.18697   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.507 on 35 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05602,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.002076 
## F-statistic: 1.038 on 2 and 35 DF,  p-value: 0.3646
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -5.421 -2.054  0.241  2.228  5.510 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 24.74403    7.28257   3.398  0.00171 **
## IS          -5.95596    4.13217  -1.441  0.15837   
## age         -0.15157    0.09905  -1.530  0.13493   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.162 on 35 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.105,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.05384 
## F-statistic: 2.053 on 2 and 35 DF,  p-value: 0.1436
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -7.7456 -2.4855  0.0057  2.1474  5.2444 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 21.55285    6.86440   3.140  0.00343 **
## IS          -4.15896    3.89490  -1.068  0.29292   
## age         -0.11648    0.09336  -1.248  0.22043   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.98 on 35 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06685,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01353 
## F-statistic: 1.254 on 2 and 35 DF,  p-value: 0.2979
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))) #
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ IS + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.1782 -0.7591  0.2665  0.8956  2.2133 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 20.54417    2.89204   7.104 2.81e-08 ***
## IS          -3.27791    1.64096  -1.998   0.0536 .  
## age         -0.05881    0.03933  -1.495   0.1438    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.255 on 35 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1422, Adjusted R-squared:  0.09319 
## F-statistic: 2.901 on 2 and 35 DF,  p-value: 0.06827
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -3.13751 -0.80405  0.09204  1.11364  2.47768 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 17.51191    5.74705   3.047  0.00413 **
## actphi      -0.26484    0.19824  -1.336  0.18930   
## age         -0.10753    0.05262  -2.044  0.04779 * 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.442 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.09738,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05109 
## F-statistic: 2.104 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1356
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.8904 -2.1930  0.4002  2.2276  5.4509 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 21.50759   12.79416   1.681    0.101
## actphi      -0.06693    0.44132  -0.152    0.880
## age         -0.13655    0.11714  -1.166    0.251
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.211 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04372,    Adjusted R-squared:  -0.005317 
## F-statistic: 0.8916 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.4182
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -8.1447 -2.2184  0.2016  2.0038  5.1774 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept) 21.78366   11.92060   1.827   0.0753 .
## actphi      -0.07942    0.41118  -0.193   0.8478  
## age         -0.13443    0.10914  -1.232   0.2254  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.992 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04731,    Adjusted R-squared:  -0.001544 
## F-statistic: 0.9684 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.3886
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actphi + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.9193 -0.6126  0.0554  0.9410  1.7307 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 20.35412    5.11491   3.979 0.000291 ***
## actphi      -0.07619    0.17643  -0.432 0.668230    
## age         -0.06516    0.04683  -1.391 0.171965    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.284 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05238,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.003786 
## F-statistic: 1.078 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.3502
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.0049 -1.0762  0.0210  0.9855  2.4669 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 12.91768    3.49671   3.694 0.000675 ***
## actamp      -0.89229    0.84042  -1.062 0.294895    
## age         -0.07618    0.04402  -1.730 0.091481 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.454 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08258,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03554 
## F-statistic: 1.755 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1862
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.7808 -1.8338  0.2286  2.1476  4.8902 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept) 25.67193    7.53252   3.408  0.00153 **
## actamp      -2.56329    1.81041  -1.416  0.16475   
## age         -0.15399    0.09484  -1.624  0.11247   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.133 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08994,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04327 
## F-statistic: 1.927 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1592
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -7.7584 -2.0971 -0.1176  2.1543  4.8697 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 26.18051    6.95126   3.766 0.000547 ***
## actamp      -2.80250    1.67070  -1.677 0.101456    
## age         -0.15254    0.08752  -1.743 0.089222 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.891 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1106, Adjusted R-squared:  0.06496 
## F-statistic: 2.424 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1018
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actamp + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.5981 -0.5777  0.1923  0.9283  1.7551 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 20.74040    3.02075   6.866 3.28e-08 ***
## actamp      -1.00648    0.72602  -1.386    0.174    
## age         -0.06428    0.03803  -1.690    0.099 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.256 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.09257,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04603 
## F-statistic: 1.989 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1504
t.test(acc_mean.test ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  acc_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = 0.35648, df = 11.875, p-value = 0.7277
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.0745471  0.1036717
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                  0.8638889                  0.8493266
t.test(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  rt_c_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = -3.2204, df = 21.92, p-value = 0.00395
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -296.83863  -64.25511
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   2612.949                   2793.496
t.test(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  cvlt_ldelay_recall by sleepundersix
## t = 0.20286, df = 14.213, p-value = 0.8421
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -2.210293  2.672793
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   11.70000                   11.46875
t.test(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  cvlt_recognition_hits by sleepundersix
## t = 1.2709, df = 22.733, p-value = 0.2166
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.3025812  1.2650812
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   15.20000                   14.71875
## sleep time
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56251 -0.03474  0.02084  0.09563  0.15548 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              8.956e-01  1.397e-01   6.412  9.7e-09
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    6.723e-07  3.575e-04   0.002    0.999
## GroupOlder Adults                       -2.189e-01  1.713e-01  -1.278    0.205
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  4.131e-04  4.309e-04   0.959    0.341
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1351 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07113,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03586 
## F-statistic: 2.017 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1183
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56533 -0.04177  0.02595  0.08944  0.15574 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            0.7857898  0.0799264   9.831 2.06e-15 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0002850  0.0001995   1.429   0.1570    
## GroupOlder Adults     -0.0571486  0.0298585  -1.914   0.0592 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.135 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06032,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03683 
## F-statistic: 2.568 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.08301
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1248.3  -432.1   -54.1   375.6  3906.7 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                             2216.583    714.035   3.104  0.00265 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                     -1.289      1.828  -0.706  0.48255   
## GroupOlder Adults                       -140.917    875.984  -0.161  0.87261   
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    2.063      2.203   0.936  0.35199   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 690.5 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2048, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1746 
## F-statistic: 6.781 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0003974
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1407.4  -391.5   -62.2   311.8  3917.6 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1668.4789   408.5104   4.084 0.000104 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.1301     1.0197   0.128 0.898757    
## GroupOlder Adults      666.6797   152.6091   4.369 3.72e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 690 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.196,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.1759 
## F-statistic: 9.748 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001626
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24417 -0.06099  0.01777  0.06769  0.16070 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              8.698e-01  9.912e-02   8.775 2.68e-13
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    9.357e-05  2.537e-04   0.369    0.713
## GroupOlder Adults                       -5.713e-02  1.216e-01  -0.470    0.640
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  5.701e-06  3.058e-04   0.019    0.985
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09585 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07985,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0449 
## F-statistic: 2.285 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.08523
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24438 -0.06099  0.01806  0.06774  0.16046 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            0.8682599  0.0563968  15.396   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0000975  0.0001408   0.693   0.4906    
## GroupOlder Adults     -0.0548947  0.0210684  -2.606   0.0109 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09525 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07984,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05684 
## F-statistic: 3.471 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.03585
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -454.24 -123.32   -2.41  114.21  483.37 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                             2.442e+03  1.993e+02  12.249   <2e-16
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                   3.004e-03  5.102e-01   0.006    0.995
## GroupOlder Adults                       5.867e+01  2.446e+02   0.240    0.811
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 6.190e-01  6.150e-01   1.006    0.317
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.8 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4164, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3943 
## F-statistic: 18.79 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 2.709e-09
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -438.67 -130.89   -8.16  116.87  486.65 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           2277.3047   114.1457  19.951  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.4291     0.2849   1.506    0.136    
## GroupOlder Adults      301.0450    42.6419   7.060 5.44e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.8 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4089, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3942 
## F-statistic: 27.67 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 7.334e-10
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.36938 -0.00287  0.01930  0.03793  0.07690 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              1.0266493  0.0789392  13.006   <2e-16
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                   -0.0002188  0.0002021  -1.083    0.282
## GroupOlder Adults                       -0.0590763  0.0968433  -0.610    0.544
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  0.0002475  0.0002436   1.016    0.313
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07634 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07146,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0362 
## F-statistic: 2.027 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1169
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37741 -0.00399  0.02045  0.03850  0.06204 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            9.609e-01  4.521e-02  21.255   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep -4.842e-05  1.128e-04  -0.429   0.6690    
## GroupOlder Adults      3.783e-02  1.689e-02   2.240   0.0279 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07635 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05932,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03581 
## F-statistic: 2.523 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.08662
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -166.44  -50.47  -12.90   40.64  202.28 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                             594.7063    82.7130   7.190 3.23e-10
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    -0.1236     0.2117  -0.584    0.561
## GroupOlder Adults                        -4.4673   101.4730  -0.044    0.965
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults   0.1171     0.2552   0.459    0.648
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.99 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06716,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03174 
## F-statistic: 1.896 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.137
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -168.686  -52.973   -6.086   39.206  201.635 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           563.59476   47.12365  11.960   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  -0.04306    0.11762  -0.366   0.7152    
## GroupOlder Adults      41.37354   17.60420   2.350   0.0212 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.59 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06468,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04129 
## F-statistic: 2.766 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.06894
# acrophase
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55244 -0.03418  0.04103  0.07822  0.16239 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               1.12342    0.24996   4.494 2.42e-05 ***
## actphi                   -0.01419    0.01526  -0.930    0.355    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.23438    0.33526  -0.699    0.487    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.01107    0.02163   0.512    0.610    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.138 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04186,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.004527 
## F-statistic: 1.121 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.3458
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55479 -0.02775  0.03359  0.08528  0.17315 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        1.033588   0.177049   5.838 1.15e-07 ***
## actphi            -0.008688   0.010763  -0.807    0.422    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.063879   0.036257  -1.762    0.082 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1373 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0386, Adjusted R-squared:  0.01395 
## F-statistic: 1.566 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.2154
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1241.1  -342.9   -55.1   294.1  3589.8 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)               2659.28    1206.02   2.205   0.0304 *
## actphi                     -57.71      73.61  -0.784   0.4355  
## GroupOlder Adults         2753.03    1617.59   1.702   0.0928 .
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  -150.78     104.36  -1.445   0.1526  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 665.6 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2736, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2453 
## F-statistic: 9.668 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 1.726e-05
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1313.2  -409.5   -15.7   350.1  3709.7 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3883.39     864.27   4.493  2.4e-05 ***
## actphi             -132.72      52.54  -2.526   0.0136 *  
## GroupOlder Adults   429.72     176.99   2.428   0.0175 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 670.2 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2539, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2348 
## F-statistic: 13.27 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 1.094e-05
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actphi * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23996 -0.07218  0.02977  0.07284  0.14993 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.965842   0.176139   5.483  5.1e-07 ***
## actphi                   -0.003663   0.010750  -0.341    0.734    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.163887   0.236248  -0.694    0.490    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.007162   0.015242   0.470    0.640    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09721 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0756, Adjusted R-squared:  0.03959 
## F-statistic: 2.099 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1072
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actphi + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23942 -0.07482  0.03590  0.06634  0.14746 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.9077002  0.1247272   7.277 2.33e-10 ***
## actphi            -0.0001001  0.0075825  -0.013   0.9895    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.0535353  0.0255421  -2.096   0.0393 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09673 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07295,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04918 
## F-statistic: 3.069 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.05212
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -442.86 -113.37    8.87  127.16  455.05 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               2764.36     339.40   8.145 5.35e-12 ***
## actphi                     -19.85      20.71  -0.958   0.3410    
## GroupOlder Adults          856.78     455.22   1.882   0.0636 .  
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults   -40.10      29.37  -1.365   0.1761    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 187.3 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4571, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4359 
## F-statistic: 21.61 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 2.978e-10
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -429.81 -103.01   -0.07  121.39  458.44 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3089.90     242.88  12.722  < 2e-16 ***
## actphi              -39.79      14.77  -2.695  0.00861 ** 
## GroupOlder Adults   238.93      49.74   4.804 7.39e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 188.4 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4439, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4296 
## F-statistic: 31.13 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 1.15e-10
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37659 -0.00114  0.02044  0.03949  0.06162 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.9439920  0.1401017   6.738  2.6e-09 ***
## actphi                   -0.0002970  0.0085509  -0.035    0.972    
## GroupOlder Adults         0.0303502  0.1879130   0.162    0.872    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.0006296  0.0121232   0.052    0.959    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07732 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06561,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02921 
## F-statistic: 1.802 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1538
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37665 -0.00164  0.02081  0.04003  0.06089 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       9.389e-01  9.907e-02   9.477 1.29e-14 ***
## actphi            1.618e-05  6.023e-03   0.003   0.9979    
## GroupOlder Adults 4.005e-02  2.029e-02   1.974   0.0519 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07683 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06558,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04162 
## F-statistic: 2.737 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.07098
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -180.898  -42.194   -2.702   36.790  194.457 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)               493.080    144.725   3.407  0.00105 **
## actphi                      3.489      8.833   0.395  0.69394   
## GroupOlder Adults         240.964    194.114   1.241  0.21824   
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  -13.584     12.523  -1.085  0.28143   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.88 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07131,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03513 
## F-statistic: 1.971 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1253
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -174.43  -48.75  -11.38   40.62  199.82 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        603.363    103.115   5.851 1.09e-07 ***
## actphi              -3.269      6.269  -0.521    0.603    
## GroupOlder Adults   31.652     21.116   1.499    0.138    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.97 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05712,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03295 
## F-statistic: 2.363 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.1009
# IS
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.57683 -0.03289  0.02745  0.07432  0.16126 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           0.95005    0.08978  10.582 3.61e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.08864    0.20646  -0.429    0.669    
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.12249    0.12901  -0.950    0.346    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.11145    0.26678   0.418    0.677    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1309 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07811,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0386 
## F-statistic: 1.977 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.1253
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.57874 -0.03554  0.03051  0.08165  0.16476 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.92192    0.05903  15.617   <2e-16 ***
## IS                -0.02189    0.12999  -0.168   0.8668    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07049    0.03366  -2.094   0.0398 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1301 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07582,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04978 
## F-statistic: 2.912 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.06087
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1496.8  -362.9   -80.7   298.3  3829.8 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)           1668.26     487.96   3.419  0.00105 **
## IS                      95.32    1122.16   0.085  0.93255   
## GroupOlder Adults     1345.44     701.18   1.919  0.05908 . 
## IS:GroupOlder Adults -1189.27    1450.01  -0.820  0.41490   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 711.5 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2254, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1922 
## F-statistic: 6.789 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.0004397
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1490.1  -408.4   -67.0   319.4  3850.9 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         1968.4      322.0   6.113 4.74e-08 ***
## IS                  -617.0      709.0  -0.870    0.387    
## GroupOlder Adults    790.5      183.6   4.306 5.24e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 709.9 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2179, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1959 
## F-statistic: 9.893 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.0001622
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ IS * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24823 -0.06057  0.02381  0.06361  0.17922 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           0.92182    0.06503  14.175   <2e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.01505    0.14956  -0.101    0.920    
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.12990    0.09345  -1.390    0.169    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.12192    0.19325   0.631    0.530    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09483 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1232, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08564 
## F-statistic: 3.279 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.02592
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ IS + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25105 -0.05786  0.02615  0.06542  0.16631 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.89105    0.04283  20.804  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                 0.05797    0.09431   0.615  0.54074    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07301    0.02442  -2.990  0.00383 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09442 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1182, Adjusted R-squared:  0.09339 
## F-statistic:  4.76 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.01149
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ IS * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -408.9 -124.9  -16.2  122.5  498.2 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           2447.85     138.94  17.618   <2e-16 ***
## IS                     -52.79     319.51  -0.165    0.869    
## GroupOlder Adults      242.98     199.65   1.217    0.228    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults   167.83     412.86   0.406    0.686    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 202.6 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4077, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3823 
## F-statistic: 16.06 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 4.808e-08
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ IS + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -406.51 -124.23  -16.62  129.07  495.28 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        2405.49      91.35  26.332  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                   47.72     201.16   0.237    0.813    
## GroupOlder Adults   321.30      52.08   6.169 3.77e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 201.4 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4063, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3896 
## F-statistic: 24.29 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 9.158e-09
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.31380 -0.01657  0.01940  0.02524  0.11473 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1.06476    0.05211  20.433   <2e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.29915    0.11984  -2.496   0.0149 *  
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.09836    0.07488  -1.314   0.1933    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.32005    0.15485   2.067   0.0424 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07598 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1369, Adjusted R-squared:  0.09993 
## F-statistic: 3.702 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.0156
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.35378 -0.00726  0.02053  0.04299  0.08050 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.98398    0.03525  27.913   <2e-16 ***
## IS                -0.10746    0.07762  -1.384   0.1706    
## GroupOlder Adults  0.05098    0.02010   2.537   0.0134 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07771 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08425,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05845 
## F-statistic: 3.266 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.04396
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -172.37  -45.66  -14.36   36.14  212.12 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            601.09      53.98  11.135   <2e-16 ***
## IS                    -120.07     124.14  -0.967    0.337    
## GroupOlder Adults       35.47      77.57   0.457    0.649    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults    28.35     160.41   0.177    0.860    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 78.71 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07706,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0375 
## F-statistic: 1.948 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.1298
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -172.52  -46.05  -15.65   37.39  213.33 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         593.93      35.46  16.749   <2e-16 ***
## IS                 -103.09      78.08  -1.320   0.1910    
## GroupOlder Adults    48.70      20.22   2.409   0.0186 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 78.18 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07665,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05064 
## F-statistic: 2.947 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.05896
# amplitude
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55916 -0.03333  0.03459  0.08358  0.16418 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.874912   0.136842   6.394 1.14e-08 ***
## actamp                    0.010448   0.083442   0.125    0.901    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.001302   0.183089  -0.007    0.994    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults -0.029763   0.113729  -0.262    0.794    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1387 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03155,    Adjusted R-squared:  -0.006179 
## F-statistic: 0.8362 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.4781
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55812 -0.03627  0.04215  0.08189  0.15859 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.900830   0.093871   9.597 7.55e-15 ***
## actamp            -0.005574   0.056358  -0.099    0.921    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.048520   0.030931  -1.569    0.121    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1379 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03069,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.005838 
## F-statistic: 1.235 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.2965
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1490.2  -449.8    -8.8   368.7  3948.6 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               2521.57     677.92   3.720 0.000377 ***
## actamp                    -497.01     413.37  -1.202 0.232918    
## GroupOlder Adults          672.12     907.02   0.741 0.460938    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults   -22.97     563.41  -0.041 0.967580    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 687.1 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.226,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.1958 
## F-statistic: 7.492 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.0001827
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)) # ~
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1489.2  -451.7    -4.5   370.9  3948.0 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         2541.6      464.8   5.468  5.3e-07 ***
## actamp              -509.4      279.1  -1.825   0.0718 .  
## GroupOlder Adults    635.7      153.2   4.150  8.4e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 682.7 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2259, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2061 
## F-statistic: 11.38 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 4.595e-05
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actamp * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25013 -0.06713  0.02448  0.06533  0.17555 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.778199   0.094341   8.249 3.37e-12 ***
## actamp                    0.079045   0.057526   1.374    0.173    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.005116   0.126223  -0.041    0.968    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults -0.027673   0.078406  -0.353    0.725    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09562 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1057, Adjusted R-squared:  0.07083 
## F-statistic: 3.033 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.03425
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actamp + Group, dmem2)) ##
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24811 -0.07478  0.02508  0.07146  0.18257 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.80230    0.06474  12.393   <2e-16 ***
## actamp             0.06415    0.03887   1.650   0.1029    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.04902    0.02133  -2.298   0.0242 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09508 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1042, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08126 
## F-statistic: 4.538 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.01367
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actamp * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -419.31 -139.63    3.49  121.08  492.40 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               2634.81     194.18  13.569   <2e-16 ***
## actamp                    -120.12     118.40  -1.014    0.314    
## GroupOlder Adults           73.52     259.80   0.283    0.778    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults   147.97     161.38   0.917    0.362    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 196.8 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4006, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3773 
## F-statistic: 17.16 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 1.259e-08
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actamp + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -404.33 -131.27    1.43  118.89  496.18 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        2505.96     133.87  18.720  < 2e-16 ***
## actamp              -40.46      80.37  -0.503    0.616    
## GroupOlder Adults   308.27      44.11   6.989 8.28e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 196.6 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3941, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3786 
## F-statistic: 25.37 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 3.266e-09
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.36472 -0.00003  0.02083  0.02749  0.09383 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               1.01594    0.07577  13.408   <2e-16 ***
## actamp                   -0.04747    0.04620  -1.027    0.307    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.03691    0.10138  -0.364    0.717    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults  0.04756    0.06298   0.755    0.452    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.0768 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07822,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0423 
## F-statistic: 2.178 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.0974
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37115 -0.00257  0.01883  0.03425  0.07605 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.97453    0.05215  18.688   <2e-16 ***
## actamp            -0.02187    0.03131  -0.699   0.4869    
## GroupOlder Adults  0.03854    0.01718   2.243   0.0277 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07659 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07139,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04758 
## F-statistic: 2.998 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.05565
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actamp * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -173.769  -43.651    0.396   36.694  215.116 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               554.761     79.085   7.015  7.8e-10 ***
## actamp                     -2.933     48.224  -0.061    0.952    
## GroupOlder Adults          98.356    105.812   0.930    0.356    
## actamp:GroupOlder Adults  -39.341     65.727  -0.599    0.551    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 80.16 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06476,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02832 
## F-statistic: 1.777 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1585
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actamp + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -172.681  -46.028   -5.094   35.199  209.649 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         589.02      54.35  10.837   <2e-16 ***
## actamp              -24.11      32.63  -0.739   0.4622    
## GroupOlder Adults    35.94      17.91   2.007   0.0482 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.83 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06041,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03632 
## F-statistic: 2.507 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.08802